Grant.................................

     Ultimately, the appraisal of Grant's presidency rests upon posterity's view of Reconstruction.  Grant took office when much of the South still lay under military rule; by the time he left, every southern state had been absorbed back into the Union.  For a long time after the Civil War, under the influence of southern historians, Reconstruction was viewed as a catastrophic error, a period of corrupt carpetbag politicians and illiterate black legislators, presided over by the draconian rule of U. S. Grant.  For more recent historians, led by Eric Foner, it has been seen as a noble experiment in equal justice for black citizens in which they made remarkable strides in voting, holding office, owning land, creating small businesses and churches, and achieving literacy.  about two thousand blacks served as state legislators, tax collectors, local officials, and U. S. marshals, while fourteen served in the House of Representatives and two in the Senate.  The South witnessed a civil rights movement that briefly introduced desegregation and vouchsafed a vision of a functioning biracial democracy.  Since Grant was president during this period, his standing was bound to rise with this revisionist view.  Even as his party and cabinet became bitterly divided over Reconstruction, he showed a deep reservoir of courage in directing the fight against the Ku Klux Klan and crushing the largest wave of domestic terrorism in American history.  It was Grant who helped to weave the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments into the fabric of American Life.

-Ron Chernow,  Grant