Deprived of French help, on December 28, 1783, the Turks officially acknowledged the loss of the Crimea. Exclaimed on observer, "The Russian state has spread out like ancient Rome." Indeed, Catherine's swollen dominions now stood larger that the entire Roman Empire at its height.
But there was a price to be paid for this brash expansion. For one thing, Catherine's actions had inadvertently opened the wounds of religious wars that would one day cross borders and carry over into a new age. For another, the Crimea remained a boiling stew of biases, prejudices, and fierce hatreds. In the years that followed, while annexation was one thing, actually extending Russian control over the region remained an exasperating business. Russian forays into the area known as the Caucasus were especially riddled with troubles—in 1785 a rebellion broke out among a deadly mix of Chechens, Avars, and other tribes. Descending down from the mountains, a shadowy leader wrapped in a green cloak and espousing a mystical version of Islam proclaimed a Ghazavat, or holy war, against the Russians. With dauntless flair and lightning strikes, this self-anointed "Sheik Mansur" led a coalition of mountain tribesmen that harassed and tormented the Russians with guerrilla warfare, laying the seeds for a conflict that still sputters today.
-Jay Winik, The Great Upheaval: America and the Birth of the Modern World, 1788-1800
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